Table of Contents
Science
Physics
Chemistry
Biology
Earth Science
Environmental Science
Astronomy
Psychology
Neuroscience
Genetics
Microbiology
Botany
Technology
Information Technology
Computer Science
Robotics
Electronics
Telecommunications
Artificial Intelligence
Cybersecurity
Software Development
Nanotechnology
Biotechnology
Clothing Technology
Fabric Types
Cotton, Silk, Wool, Polyester, etc.
Weaving Techniques
Twill, Satin, Plain, Knit, etc.
Clothing Design and Manufacturing
Wearable Technology
Tool Technology
Hand Tools
Power Tools
Industrial Machines
Automation and Control Systems
Engineering
Mechanical Engineering
Civil Engineering
Electrical Engineering
Chemical Engineering
Aerospace Engineering
Biomedical Engineering
Environmental Engineering
Industrial Engineering
Agricultural Engineering
Software Engineering
Art
Painting and Drawing
Sculpture
Photography
Digital Art
Film and Videography
Music and Composition
Dance and Performance
Theater and Drama
Literature and Poetry
Fashion Design
Culinary Arts
Mathematics
Algebra
Geometry
Calculus
Statistics
Trigonometry
Number Theory
Discrete Mathematics
Applied Mathematics
Probability
Topology
Mathematical Logic
Things of the Universe
Explore the vastness of the cosmos, the intricacies of life, the foundations of culture, and the paths to sustainability. Our journey through ‘Things’ offers an insightful look into the elements that make up our universe and our existence.
The Cosmos
An expansive and dynamic tapestry of galaxies, stars, planets, and other celestial phenomena, offers a profound glimpse into the origins and evolution of the universe. From the fiery birth of stars in nebulae to the enigmatic depths of black holes, each element within this vast expanse contributes to our understanding of the fundamental forces and processes that shape existence. The cosmos is not only a realm of scientific inquiry but also a source of awe and inspiration, reminding us of our shared origins in the stardust.
Life
Life is a tapestry of biodiversity, from the smallest microorganisms to the largest creatures. Understand the complexity and beauty of living organisms.
No posts found!
Substances
An intricate exploration of matter, diving into the essence, interactions, and applications of elements, compounds, and materials. This comprehensive exploration offers insights into the varied forms of matter that construct our universe.
The Elements
An in-depth look at the basic units of matter. From hydrogen to uranium, each element is a unique participant in the grand story of the universe. Delve into the atomic structure that defines each element, their discovery, and the pivotal roles they play in the natural world and human technology.
| Atomic# | Symbol | Name | AtomicMass | CPKHexColor | ElectronConfiguration | Electronegativity | AtomicRadius | IonizationEnergy | ElectronAffinity | OxidationStates | StandardState | MeltingPoint | BoilingPoint | Density | GroupBlock | YearDiscovered |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | H | Hydrogen | 1.0080 | FFFFFF | 1s1 | 2.2 | 120 | 13.598 | 0.754 | +1, -1 | Gas | 13.81 | 20.28 | 0.00008988 | Nonmetal | 1766 |
| 2 | He | Helium | 4.00260 | D9FFFF | 1s2 | 140 | 24.587 | 0 | Gas | 0.95 | 4.22 | 0.0001785 | Noble gas | 1868 | ||
| 3 | Li | Lithium | 7.0 | CC80FF | [He]2s1 | 0.98 | 182 | 5.392 | 0.618 | +1 | Solid | 453.65 | 1615 | 0.534 | Alkali metal | 1817 |
| 4 | Be | Beryllium | 9.012183 | C2FF00 | [He]2s2 | 1.57 | 153 | 9.323 | +2 | Solid | 1560 | 2744 | 1.85 | Alkaline earth metal | 1798 | |
| 5 | B | Boron | 10.81 | FFB5B5 | [He]2s2 2p1 | 2.04 | 192 | 8.298 | 0.277 | +3 | Solid | 2348 | 4273 | 2.37 | Metalloid | 1808 |
| 6 | C | Carbon | 12.011 | 909090 | [He]2s2 2p2 | 2.55 | 170 | 11.260 | 1.263 | +4, +2, -4 | Solid | 3823 | 4098 | 2.2670 | Nonmetal | Ancient |
| 7 | N | Nitrogen | 14.007 | 3050F8 | [He] 2s2 2p3 | 3.04 | 155 | 14.534 | +5, +4, +3, +2, +1, -1, -2, -3 | Gas | 63.15 | 77.36 | 0.0012506 | Nonmetal | 1772 | |
| 8 | O | Oxygen | 15.999 | FF0D0D | [He]2s2 2p4 | 3.44 | 152 | 13.618 | 1.461 | -2 | Gas | 54.36 | 90.2 | 0.001429 | Nonmetal | 1774 |
| 9 | F | Fluorine | 18.99840316 | 90E050 | [He]2s2 2p5 | 3.98 | 135 | 17.423 | 3.339 | -1 | Gas | 53.53 | 85.03 | 0.001696 | Halogen | 1670 |
| 10 | Ne | Neon | 20.180 | B3E3F5 | [He]2s2 2p6 | 154 | 21.565 | 0 | Gas | 24.56 | 27.07 | 0.0008999 | Noble gas | 1898 | ||
| 11 | Na | Sodium | 22.9897693 | AB5CF2 | [Ne]3s1 | 0.93 | 227 | 5.139 | 0.548 | +1 | Solid | 370.95 | 1156 | 0.97 | Alkali metal | 1807 |
| 12 | Mg | Magnesium | 24.305 | 8AFF00 | [Ne]3s2 | 1.31 | 173 | 7.646 | +2 | Solid | 923 | 1363 | 1.74 | Alkaline earth metal | 1808 | |
| 13 | Al | Aluminum | 26.981538 | BFA6A6 | [Ne]3s2 3p1 | 1.61 | 184 | 5.986 | 0.441 | +3 | Solid | 933.437 | 2792 | 2.70 | Post-transition metal | Ancient |
| 14 | Si | Silicon | 28.085 | F0C8A0 | [Ne]3s2 3p2 | 1.9 | 210 | 8.152 | 1.385 | +4, +2, -4 | Solid | 1687 | 3538 | 2.3296 | Metalloid | 1854 |
| 15 | P | Phosphorus | 30.97376200 | FF8000 | [Ne]3s2 3p3 | 2.19 | 180 | 10.487 | 0.746 | +5, +3, -3 | Solid | 317.3 | 553.65 | 1.82 | Nonmetal | 1669 |
| 16 | S | Sulfur | 32.07 | FFFF30 | [Ne]3s2 3p4 | 2.58 | 180 | 10.360 | 2.077 | +6, +4, -2 | Solid | 388.36 | 717.75 | 2.067 | Nonmetal | Ancient |
| 17 | Cl | Chlorine | 35.45 | 1FF01F | [Ne]3s2 3p5 | 3.16 | 175 | 12.968 | 3.617 | +7, +5, +1, -1 | Gas | 171.65 | 239.11 | 0.003214 | Halogen | 1774 |
| 18 | Ar | Argon | 39.9 | 80D1E3 | [Ne]3s2 3p6 | 188 | 15.760 | 0 | Gas | 83.8 | 87.3 | 0.0017837 | Noble gas | 1894 | ||
| 19 | K | Potassium | 39.0983 | 8F40D4 | [Ar]4s1 | 0.82 | 275 | 4.341 | 0.501 | +1 | Solid | 336.53 | 1032 | 0.89 | Alkali metal | 1807 |
| 20 | Ca | Calcium | 40.08 | 3DFF00 | [Ar]4s2 | 1 | 231 | 6.113 | +2 | Solid | 1115 | 1757 | 1.54 | Alkaline earth metal | Ancient | |
| 21 | Sc | Scandium | 44.95591 | E6E6E6 | [Ar]4s2 3d1 | 1.36 | 211 | 6.561 | 0.188 | +3 | Solid | 1814 | 3109 | 2.99 | Transition metal | 1879 |
| 22 | Ti | Titanium | 47.867 | BFC2C7 | [Ar]4s2 3d2 | 1.54 | 187 | 6.828 | 0.079 | +4, +3, +2 | Solid | 1941 | 3560 | 4.5 | Transition metal | 1791 |
| 23 | V | Vanadium | 50.9415 | A6A6AB | [Ar]4s2 3d3 | 1.63 | 179 | 6.746 | 0.525 | +5, +4, +3, +2 | Solid | 2183 | 3680 | 6.0 | Transition metal | 1801 |
| 24 | Cr | Chromium | 51.996 | 8A99C7 | [Ar]3d5 4s1 | 1.66 | 189 | 6.767 | 0.666 | +6, +3, +2 | Solid | 2180 | 2944 | 7.15 | Transition metal | 1797 |
| 25 | Mn | Manganese | 54.93804 | 9C7AC7 | [Ar]4s2 3d5 | 1.55 | 197 | 7.434 | +7, +4, +3, +2 | Solid | 1519 | 2334 | 7.3 | Transition metal | 1774 | |
| 26 | Fe | Iron | 55.84 | E06633 | [Ar]4s2 3d6 | 1.83 | 194 | 7.902 | 0.163 | +3, +2 | Solid | 1811 | 3134 | 7.874 | Transition metal | Ancient |
| 27 | Co | Cobalt | 58.93319 | F090A0 | [Ar]4s2 3d7 | 1.88 | 192 | 7.881 | 0.661 | +3, +2 | Solid | 1768 | 3200 | 8.86 | Transition metal | 1735 |
| 28 | Ni | Nickel | 58.693 | 50D050 | [Ar]4s2 3d8 | 1.91 | 163 | 7.640 | 1.156 | +3, +2 | Solid | 1728 | 3186 | 8.912 | Transition metal | 1751 |
| 29 | Cu | Copper | 63.55 | C88033 | [Ar]4s1 3d10 | 1.9 | 140 | 7.726 | 1.228 | +2, +1 | Solid | 1357.77 | 2835 | 8.933 | Transition metal | Ancient |
| 30 | Zn | Zinc | 65.4 | 7D80B0 | [Ar]4s2 3d10 | 1.65 | 139 | 9.394 | +2 | Solid | 692.68 | 1180 | 7.134 | Transition metal | 1746 | |
| 31 | Ga | Gallium | 69.723 | C28F8F | [Ar]4s2 3d10 4p1 | 1.81 | 187 | 5.999 | 0.3 | +3 | Solid | 302.91 | 2477 | 5.91 | Post-transition metal | 1875 |
| 32 | Ge | Germanium | 72.63 | 668F8F | [Ar]4s2 3d10 4p2 | 2.01 | 211 | 7.900 | 1.35 | +4, +2 | Solid | 1211.4 | 3106 | 5.323 | Metalloid | 1886 |
| 33 | As | Arsenic | 74.92159 | BD80E3 | [Ar]4s2 3d10 4p3 | 2.18 | 185 | 9.815 | 0.81 | +5, +3, -3 | Solid | 1090 | 887 | 5.776 | Metalloid | Ancient |
| 34 | Se | Selenium | 78.97 | FFA100 | [Ar]4s2 3d10 4p4 | 2.55 | 190 | 9.752 | 2.021 | +6, +4, -2 | Solid | 493.65 | 958 | 4.809 | Nonmetal | 1817 |
| 35 | Br | Bromine | 79.90 | A62929 | [Ar]4s2 3d10 4p5 | 2.96 | 183 | 11.814 | 3.365 | +5, +1, -1 | Liquid | 265.95 | 331.95 | 3.11 | Halogen | 1826 |
| 36 | Kr | Krypton | 83.80 | 5CB8D1 | [Ar]4s2 3d10 4p6 | 3 | 202 | 14.000 | 0 | Gas | 115.79 | 119.93 | 0.003733 | Noble gas | 1898 | |
| 37 | Rb | Rubidium | 85.468 | 702EB0 | [Kr]5s1 | 0.82 | 303 | 4.177 | 0.468 | +1 | Solid | 312.46 | 961 | 1.53 | Alkali metal | 1861 |
| 38 | Sr | Strontium | 87.62 | 00FF00 | [Kr]5s2 | 0.95 | 249 | 5.695 | +2 | Solid | 1050 | 1655 | 2.64 | Alkaline earth metal | 1790 | |
| 39 | Y | Yttrium | 88.90584 | 94FFFF | [Kr]5s2 4d1 | 1.22 | 219 | 6.217 | 0.307 | +3 | Solid | 1795 | 3618 | 4.47 | Transition metal | 1794 |
| 40 | Zr | Zirconium | 91.22 | 94E0E0 | [Kr]5s2 4d2 | 1.33 | 186 | 6.634 | 0.426 | +4 | Solid | 2128 | 4682 | 6.52 | Transition metal | 1789 |
| 41 | Nb | Niobium | 92.90637 | 73C2C9 | [Kr]5s1 4d4 | 1.6 | 207 | 6.759 | 0.893 | +5, +3 | Solid | 2750 | 5017 | 8.57 | Transition metal | 1801 |
| 42 | Mo | Molybdenum | 95.95 | 54B5B5 | [Kr]5s1 4d5 | 2.16 | 209 | 7.092 | 0.746 | +6 | Solid | 2896 | 4912 | 10.2 | Transition metal | 1778 |
| 43 | Tc | Technetium | 96.90636 | 3B9E9E | [Kr]5s2 4d5 | 1.9 | 209 | 7.28 | 0.55 | +7, +6, +4 | Solid | 2430 | 4538 | 11 | Transition metal | 1937 |
| 44 | Ru | Ruthenium | 101.1 | 248F8F | [Kr]5s1 4d7 | 2.2 | 207 | 7.361 | 1.05 | +3 | Solid | 2607 | 4423 | 12.1 | Transition metal | 1827 |
| 45 | Rh | Rhodium | 102.9055 | 0A7D8C | [Kr]5s1 4d8 | 2.28 | 195 | 7.459 | 1.137 | +3 | Solid | 2237 | 3968 | 12.4 | Transition metal | 1803 |
| 46 | Pd | Palladium | 106.42 | 6985 | [Kr]4d10 | 2.2 | 202 | 8.337 | 0.557 | +3, +2 | Solid | 1828.05 | 3236 | 12.0 | Transition metal | 1803 |
| 47 | Ag | Silver | 107.868 | C0C0C0 | [Kr]5s1 4d10 | 1.93 | 172 | 7.576 | 1.302 | +1 | Solid | 1234.93 | 2435 | 10.501 | Transition metal | Ancient |
| 48 | Cd | Cadmium | 112.41 | FFD98F | [Kr]5s2 4d10 | 1.69 | 158 | 8.994 | +2 | Solid | 594.22 | 1040 | 8.69 | Transition metal | 1817 | |
| 49 | In | Indium | 114.818 | A67573 | [Kr]5s2 4d10 5p1 | 1.78 | 193 | 5.786 | 0.3 | +3 | Solid | 429.75 | 2345 | 7.31 | Post-transition metal | 1863 |
| 50 | Sn | Tin | 118.71 | 668080 | [Kr]5s2 4d10 5p2 | 1.96 | 217 | 7.344 | 1.2 | +4, +2 | Solid | 505.08 | 2875 | 7.287 | Post-transition metal | Ancient |
| 51 | Sb | Antimony | 121.760 | 9E63B5 | [Kr]5s2 4d10 5p3 | 2.05 | 206 | 8.64 | 1.07 | +5, +3, -3 | Solid | 903.78 | 1860 | 6.685 | Metalloid | Ancient |
| 52 | Te | Tellurium | 127.6 | D47A00 | [Kr]5s2 4d10 5p4 | 2.1 | 206 | 9.010 | 1.971 | +6, +4, -2 | Solid | 722.66 | 1261 | 6.232 | Metalloid | 1782 |
| 53 | I | Iodine | 126.9045 | 940094 | [Kr]5s2 4d10 5p5 | 2.66 | 198 | 10.451 | 3.059 | +7, +5, +1, -1 | Solid | 386.85 | 457.55 | 4.93 | Halogen | 1811 |
| 54 | Xe | Xenon | 131.29 | 429EB0 | [Kr]5s2 4d10 5p6 | 2.6 | 216 | 12.130 | 0 | Gas | 161.36 | 165.03 | 0.005887 | Noble gas | 1898 | |
| 55 | Cs | Cesium | 132.9054520 | 57178F | [Xe]6s1 | 0.79 | 343 | 3.894 | 0.472 | +1 | Solid | 301.59 | 944 | 1.93 | Alkali metal | 1860 |
| 56 | Ba | Barium | 137.33 | 00C900 | [Xe]6s2 | 0.89 | 268 | 5.212 | +2 | Solid | 1000 | 2170 | 3.62 | Alkaline earth metal | 1808 | |
| 57 | La | Lanthanum | 138.9055 | 70D4FF | [Xe]6s2 5d1 | 1.1 | 240 | 5.577 | 0.5 | +3 | Solid | 1191 | 3737 | 6.15 | Lanthanide | 1839 |
| 58 | Ce | Cerium | 140.116 | FFFFC7 | [Xe]6s2 4f1 5d1 | 1.12 | 235 | 5.539 | 0.5 | +4, +3 | Solid | 1071 | 3697 | 6.770 | Lanthanide | 1803 |
| 59 | Pr | Praseodymium | 140.90766 | D9FFC7 | [Xe]6s2 4f3 | 1.13 | 239 | 5.464 | +3 | Solid | 1204 | 3793 | 6.77 | Lanthanide | 1885 | |
| 60 | Nd | Neodymium | 144.24 | C7FFC7 | [Xe]6s2 4f4 | 1.14 | 229 | 5.525 | +3 | Solid | 1294 | 3347 | 7.01 | Lanthanide | 1885 | |
| 61 | Pm | Promethium | 144.91276 | A3FFC7 | [Xe]6s2 4f5 | 236 | 5.55 | +3 | Solid | 1315 | 3273 | 7.26 | Lanthanide | 1945 | ||
| 62 | Sm | Samarium | 150.4 | 8FFFC7 | [Xe]6s2 4f6 | 1.17 | 229 | 5.644 | +3, +2 | Solid | 1347 | 2067 | 7.52 | Lanthanide | 1879 | |
| 63 | Eu | Europium | 151.964 | 61FFC7 | [Xe]6s2 4f7 | 233 | 5.670 | +3, +2 | Solid | 1095 | 1802 | 5.24 | Lanthanide | 1901 | ||
| 64 | Gd | Gadolinium | 157.2 | 45FFC7 | [Xe]6s2 4f7 5d1 | 1.2 | 237 | 6.150 | +3 | Solid | 1586 | 3546 | 7.90 | Lanthanide | 1880 | |
| 65 | Tb | Terbium | 158.92535 | 30FFC7 | [Xe]6s2 4f9 | 221 | 5.864 | +3 | Solid | 1629 | 3503 | 8.23 | Lanthanide | 1843 | ||
| 66 | Dy | Dysprosium | 162.500 | 1FFFC7 | [Xe]6s2 4f10 | 1.22 | 229 | 5.939 | +3 | Solid | 1685 | 2840 | 8.55 | Lanthanide | 1886 | |
| 67 | Ho | Holmium | 164.93033 | 00FF9C | [Xe]6s2 4f11 | 1.23 | 216 | 6.022 | +3 | Solid | 1747 | 2973 | 8.80 | Lanthanide | 1878 | |
| 68 | Er | Erbium | 167.26 | [Xe]6s2 4f12 | 1.24 | 235 | 6.108 | +3 | Solid | 1802 | 3141 | 9.07 | Lanthanide | 1843 | ||
| 69 | Tm | Thulium | 168.93422 | 00D452 | [Xe]6s2 4f13 | 1.25 | 227 | 6.184 | +3 | Solid | 1818 | 2223 | 9.32 | Lanthanide | 1879 | |
| 70 | Yb | Ytterbium | 173.05 | 00BF38 | [Xe]6s2 4f14 | 242 | 6.254 | +3, +2 | Solid | 1092 | 1469 | 6.90 | Lanthanide | 1878 | ||
| 71 | Lu | Lutetium | 174.9668 | 00AB24 | [Xe]6s2 4f14 5d1 | 1.27 | 221 | 5.426 | +3 | Solid | 1936 | 3675 | 9.84 | Lanthanide | 1907 | |
| 72 | Hf | Hafnium | 178.49 | 4DC2FF | [Xe]6s2 4f14 5d2 | 1.3 | 212 | 6.825 | +4 | Solid | 2506 | 4876 | 13.3 | Transition metal | 1923 | |
| 73 | Ta | Tantalum | 180.9479 | 4DA6FF | [Xe]6s2 4f14 5d3 | 1.5 | 217 | 7.89 | 0.322 | +5 | Solid | 3290 | 5731 | 16.4 | Transition metal | 1802 |
| 74 | W | Tungsten | 183.84 | 2194D6 | [Xe]6s2 4f14 5d4 | 2.36 | 210 | 7.98 | 0.815 | +6 | Solid | 3695 | 5828 | 19.3 | Transition metal | 1783 |
| 75 | Re | Rhenium | 186.207 | 267DAB | [Xe]6s2 4f14 5d5 | 1.9 | 217 | 7.88 | 0.15 | +7, +6, +4 | Solid | 3459 | 5869 | 20.8 | Transition metal | 1925 |
| 76 | Os | Osmium | 190.2 | 266696 | [Xe]6s2 4f14 5d6 | 2.2 | 216 | 8.7 | 1.1 | +4, +3 | Solid | 3306 | 5285 | 22.57 | Transition metal | 1803 |
| 77 | Ir | Iridium | 192.22 | 175487 | [Xe]6s2 4f14 5d7 | 2.2 | 202 | 9.1 | 1.565 | +4, +3 | Solid | 2719 | 4701 | 22.42 | Transition metal | 1803 |
| 78 | Pt | Platinum | 195.08 | D0D0E0 | [Xe]6s1 4f14 5d9 | 2.28 | 209 | 9 | 2.128 | +4, +2 | Solid | 2041.55 | 4098 | 21.46 | Transition metal | 1735 |
| 79 | Au | Gold | 196.96657 | FFD123 | [Xe]6s1 4f14 5d10 | 2.54 | 166 | 9.226 | 2.309 | +3, +1 | Solid | 1337.33 | 3129 | 19.282 | Transition metal | Ancient |
| 80 | Hg | Mercury | 200.59 | B8B8D0 | [Xe]6s2 4f14 5d10 | 2 | 209 | 10.438 | +2, +1 | Liquid | 234.32 | 629.88 | 13.5336 | Transition metal | Ancient | |
| 81 | Tl | Thallium | 204.383 | A6544D | [Xe]6s2 4f14 5d10 6p1 | 1.62 | 196 | 6.108 | 0.2 | +3, +1 | Solid | 577 | 1746 | 11.8 | Post-transition metal | 1861 |
| 82 | Pb | Lead | 207 | 575961 | [Xe]6s2 4f14 5d10 6p2 | 2.33 | 202 | 7.417 | 0.36 | +4, +2 | Solid | 600.61 | 2022 | 11.342 | Post-transition metal | Ancient |
| 83 | Bi | Bismuth | 208.98040 | 9E4FB5 | [Xe]6s2 4f14 5d10 6p3 | 2.02 | 207 | 7.289 | 0.946 | +5, +3 | Solid | 544.55 | 1837 | 9.807 | Post-transition metal | 1753 |
| 84 | Po | Polonium | 208.98243 | AB5C00 | [Xe]6s2 4f14 5d10 6p4 | 2 | 197 | 8.417 | 1.9 | +4, +2 | Solid | 527 | 1235 | 9.32 | Metalloid | 1898 |
| 85 | At | Astatine | 209.98715 | 754F45 | [Xe]6s2 4f14 5d10 6p5 | 2.2 | 202 | 9.5 | 2.8 | 7, 5, 3, 1, -1 | Solid | 575 | 7 | Halogen | 1940 | |
| 86 | Rn | Radon | 222.01758 | 428296 | [Xe]6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 | 220 | 10.745 | 0 | Gas | 202 | 211.45 | 0.00973 | Noble gas | 1900 | ||
| 87 | Fr | Francium | 223.01973 | 420066 | [Rn]7s1 | 0.7 | 348 | 3.9 | 0.47 | +1 | Solid | 300 | Alkali metal | 1939 | ||
| 88 | Ra | Radium | 226.02541 | 007D00 | [Rn]7s2 | 0.9 | 283 | 5.279 | +2 | Solid | 973 | 1413 | 5 | Alkaline earth metal | 1898 | |
| 89 | Ac | Actinium | 227.02775 | 70ABFA | [Rn]7s2 6d1 | 1.1 | 260 | 5.17 | +3 | Solid | 1324 | 3471 | 10.07 | Actinide | 1899 | |
| 90 | Th | Thorium | 232.038 | 00BAFF | [Rn]7s2 6d2 | 1.3 | 237 | 6.08 | +4 | Solid | 2023 | 5061 | 11.72 | Actinide | 1828 | |
| 91 | Pa | Protactinium | 231.03588 | 00A1FF | [Rn]7s2 5f2 6d1 | 1.5 | 243 | 5.89 | +5, +4 | Solid | 1845 | 15.37 | Actinide | 1913 | ||
| 92 | U | Uranium | 238.0289 | 008FFF | [Rn]7s2 5f3 6d1 | 1.38 | 240 | 6.194 | +6, +5, +4, +3 | Solid | 1408 | 4404 | 18.95 | Actinide | 1789 | |
| 93 | Np | Neptunium | 237.048172 | 0080FF | [Rn]7s2 5f4 6d1 | 1.36 | 221 | 6.266 | +6, +5, +4, +3 | Solid | 917 | 4175 | 20.25 | Actinide | 1940 | |
| 94 | Pu | Plutonium | 244.06420 | 006BFF | [Rn]7s2 5f6 | 1.28 | 243 | 6.06 | +6, +5, +4, +3 | Solid | 913 | 3501 | 19.84 | Actinide | 1940 | |
| 95 | Am | Americium | 243.061380 | 545CF2 | [Rn]7s2 5f7 | 1.3 | 244 | 5.993 | +6, +5, +4, +3 | Solid | 1449 | 2284 | 13.69 | Actinide | 1944 | |
| 96 | Cm | Curium | 247.07035 | 785CE3 | [Rn]7s2 5f7 6d1 | 1.3 | 245 | 6.02 | +3 | Solid | 1618 | 3400 | 13.51 | Actinide | 1944 | |
| 97 | Bk | Berkelium | 247.07031 | 8A4FE3 | [Rn]7s2 5f9 | 1.3 | 244 | 6.23 | +4, +3 | Solid | 1323 | 14 | Actinide | 1949 | ||
| 98 | Cf | Californium | 251.07959 | A136D4 | [Rn]7s2 5f10 | 1.3 | 245 | 6.30 | +3 | Solid | 1173 | Actinide | 1950 | |||
| 99 | Es | Einsteinium | 252.0830 | B31FD4 | [Rn]7s2 5f11 | 1.3 | 245 | 6.42 | +3 | Solid | 1133 | Actinide | 1952 | |||
| 100 | Fm | Fermium | 257.09511 | B31FBA | [Rn] 5f12 7s2 | 1.3 | 6.50 | +3 | Solid | 1800 | Actinide | 1952 | ||||
| 101 | Md | Mendelevium | 258.09843 | B30DA6 | [Rn]7s2 5f13 | 1.3 | 6.58 | +3, +2 | Solid | 1100 | Actinide | 1955 | ||||
| 102 | No | Nobelium | 259.10100 | BD0D87 | [Rn]7s2 5f14 | 1.3 | 6.65 | +3, +2 | Solid | 1100 | Actinide | 1957 | ||||
| 103 | Lr | Lawrencium | 266.120 | C70066 | [Rn]7s2 5f14 6d1 | 1.3 | +3 | Solid | 1900 | Actinide | 1961 | |||||
| 104 | Rf | Rutherfordium | 267.122 | CC0059 | [Rn]7s2 5f14 6d2 | +4 | Solid | Transition metal | 1964 | |||||||
| 105 | Db | Dubnium | 268.126 | D1004F | [Rn]7s2 5f14 6d3 | 5, 4, 3 | Solid | Transition metal | 1967 | |||||||
| 106 | Sg | Seaborgium | 269.128 | D90045 | [Rn]7s2 5f14 6d4 | 6, 5, 4, 3, 0 | Solid | Transition metal | 1974 | |||||||
| 107 | Bh | Bohrium | 270.133 | E00038 | [Rn]7s2 5f14 6d5 | 7, 5, 4, 3 | Solid | Transition metal | 1976 | |||||||
| 108 | Hs | Hassium | 269.1336 | E6002E | [Rn]7s2 5f14 6d6 | 8, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 | Solid | Transition metal | 1984 | |||||||
| 109 | Mt | Meitnerium | 277.154 | EB0026 | [Rn]7s2 5f14 6d7 (calculated) | 9, 8, 6, 4, 3, 1 | Solid | Transition metal | 1982 | |||||||
| 110 | Ds | Darmstadtium | 282.166 | [Rn]7s2 5f14 6d8 (predicted) | 8, 6, 4, 2, 0 | Expected to be a Solid | Transition metal | 1994 | ||||||||
| 111 | Rg | Roentgenium | 282.169 | [Rn]7s2 5f14 6d9 (predicted) | 5, 3, 1, -1 | Expected to be a Solid | Transition metal | 1994 | ||||||||
| 112 | Cn | Copernicium | 286.179 | [Rn]7s2 5f14 6d10 (predicted) | 2, 1, 0 | Expected to be a Solid | Transition metal | 1996 | ||||||||
| 113 | Nh | Nihonium | 286.182 | [Rn]5f14 6d10 7s2 7p1 (predicted) | Expected to be a Solid | Post-transition metal | 2004 | |||||||||
| 114 | Fl | Flerovium | 290.192 | [Rn]7s2 7p2 5f14 6d10 (predicted) | 6, 4,2, 1, 0 | Expected to be a Solid | Post-transition metal | 1998 | ||||||||
| 115 | Mc | Moscovium | 290.196 | [Rn]7s2 7p3 5f14 6d10 (predicted) | 3, 1 | Expected to be a Solid | Post-transition metal | 2003 | ||||||||
| 116 | Lv | Livermorium | 293.205 | [Rn]7s2 7p4 5f14 6d10 (predicted) | +4, +2, -2 | Expected to be a Solid | Post-transition metal | 2000 | ||||||||
| 117 | Ts | Tennessine | 294.211 | [Rn]7s2 7p5 5f14 6d10 (predicted) | +5, +3, +1, -1 | Expected to be a Solid | Halogen | 2010 | ||||||||
| 118 | Og | Oganesson | 295.216 | [Rn]7s2 7p6 5f14 6d10 (predicted) | +6, +4, +2, +1, 0, -1 | Expected to be a Gas | Noble gas | 2006 |
Compounds
Discover the fascinating world where elements combine to form the myriad substances that make up our world. Understanding compounds means exploring the bonds that hold atoms together, the molecular structures that arise, and the incredible variety of ways they manifest in everything from water to DNA, shaping the living and non-living aspects of our environment.
Materials
The end products of elemental and compound combinations. It’s a journey through the diverse materials that humans have harnessed and created, from the steel in our buildings to the plastics in our everyday devices. Explore how the understanding and innovation of materials continue to drive technological advancement and societal development.
Metals
Metals, characterized by their conductivity, malleability, and strength, are foundational in numerous industries. This subsection explores various metals, from common ones like iron and aluminum to precious metals like gold and silver. Understand their properties, extraction methods, alloy formation, and applications ranging from construction and transportation to electronics and jewelry.
- Iron (Fe): The most widely used metal and the main ingredient in steel. Essential in construction (rebar, structural steel), automotive industry, and machinery manufacturing.
- Aluminum (Al): Known for its lightweight and corrosion resistance. Used in aircraft manufacturing, automotive parts, packaging (cans), and construction (window frames, doors).
- Copper (Cu): Highly conductive of electricity and heat. Used in electrical wiring, plumbing, roofing, and in the production of electronic devices.
- Steel (Various Alloys): An alloy primarily made of iron and carbon, steel is known for its strength and durability. It’s used in construction, infrastructure, automotive industry, and in making tools and appliances.
- Stainless Steel (Alloy): An iron alloy with added chromium, known for its corrosion resistance. Used in kitchenware, appliances, medical instruments, and in architecture.
- Titanium (Ti): Exceptionally strong and lightweight, resistant to corrosion and temperatures. Used in aerospace, military equipment, medical devices (implants), and sports equipment.
- Brass (Alloy of Cu and Zn): Known for its acoustic properties, corrosion resistance, and aesthetic appeal. Used in musical instruments, decorative items, plumbing, and radiators.
- Bronze (Alloy of Cu and Tin): Recognized for its toughness and resistance to corrosion. Used in sculpture, medals, bearings, and electrical connectors.
- Zinc (Zn): Primarily used for galvanizing steel to protect against corrosion. Also used in die-casting, making brass, and in various chemical applications.
- Lead (Pb): Dense, soft, and malleable. Used in batteries, radiation shielding, and historically in pipes and paints (though less common now due to toxicity concerns).
No posts found!
Polymers
Polymers, long chains of repeating molecular units, are versatile materials in our modern world. This subsection covers a range of synthetic and natural polymers, including plastics like polyethylene and PVC, fibers like nylon, and specialty polymers like PTFE. Learn about their synthesis, properties, and wide-ranging uses in packaging, construction, textiles, and more.
- Polyethylene (PE): Widely used in packaging (plastic bags, films), containers, and pipes. It’s known for its flexibility and chemical resistance.
- Polypropylene (PP): Used in packaging, automotive parts, textiles, and reusable containers. It is valued for its toughness and resistance to heat.
- Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC): Found in pipes, cables, and vinyl siding. PVC is versatile, durable, and used in both rigid and flexible forms.
- Polystyrene (PS): Common in disposable cutlery, plastic models, CD cases, and insulation material. It can be solid or foamed.
- Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET): Used in beverage bottles, food packaging, and synthetic fibers. It’s known for its strength and recyclability.
- Polyurethane (PU): Applied in foam upholstery, mattresses, car parts, coatings, and adhesives. It is flexible and durable.
- Polycarbonate (PC): Used in eyewear lenses, bulletproof glass, and compact discs due to its high impact resistance and transparency.
- Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE/Teflon): Known for its non-stick property, used in cookware, plumbing tape, and in some industrial applications.
- Nylon: Widely used in textiles (clothing, carpets), automotive parts, and industrial fibers. It’s known for its strength and elasticity.
- Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS): Common in Lego bricks, automotive parts, and musical instruments. It is tough and impact-resistant.
No posts found!
Ceramics
Ceramics are non-metallic, inorganic materials known for their strength, hardness, and thermal resistance. This subsection delves into traditional ceramics like porcelain and advanced technical ceramics like silicon carbide and zirconia. Explore their manufacturing processes, unique properties, and applications in fields such as electronics, aerospace, and medicine.
- Porcelain: Used in tableware, bathroom fixtures, and decorative objects. Known for its translucency, whiteness, and strength.
- Earthenware: One of the oldest materials used in pottery, found in cookware, plates, and decorative items. It is porous and glazed for practical use.
- Stoneware: Denser and more durable than earthenware, used in dinnerware, kitchenware, and artistic sculptures.
- Terracotta: A type of earthenware, it’s used in pottery, sculpture, and architectural decoration. Known for its reddish-brown color.
- Alumina (Aluminum Oxide): Used in high-temperature environments, electrical insulators, and cutting tools due to its resistance to heat and corrosion.
- Silicon Carbide: Known for its hardness and thermal conductivity, used in abrasives, cutting tools, and high-temperature components.
- Zirconia (Zirconium Oxide): Used in dental ceramics and industrial applications where strength and wear resistance are required.
- Titanate Ceramics: Used in capacitors and electric insulating devices due to their dielectric properties.
- Cordierite: Utilized in kiln furniture and as a catalyst support in automotive catalytic converters because of its thermal shock resistance.
- Ferrite Ceramics: Employed in magnetic applications, including inductor cores, magnets, and transformer cores, due to their ferromagnetic properties.
No posts found!
Composites
Composites are materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties. This subsection discusses various composites like fiberglass, carbon fiber, concrete, and plywood. Understand how combining materials can result in enhanced properties, and explore their applications in industries like aerospace, construction, and sports.
- Fiberglass: Consisting of glass fibers embedded in a resin matrix. Used in boat hulls, automotive parts, bathtubs, and in the construction industry.
- Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP): Known for its strength-to-weight ratio, used in aerospace, high-performance vehicles, sporting goods, and in the manufacturing of drones.
- Concrete: A composite of cement, aggregates like sand and gravel, and water. It’s fundamental in construction for making foundations, structures, and pavements.
- Plywood: Made from layers of wood veneer glued together. Used in construction, furniture, and flooring for its strength and flexibility.
- Particle Board: Composed of wood chips or sawdust mixed with a binder and pressed into flat panels. Used in furniture and as a cheaper alternative to plywood.
- Kevlar-Reinforced Polymer: Known for its high tensile strength, used in bulletproof vests, protective gear, and in various automotive and aerospace applications.
- Composite Lumber: Made from recycled plastic and wood fibers, used in outdoor decking, fencing, and railing for its durability and resistance to rot.
- Glass-Reinforced Plastic (GRP): Also known as ‘fiberglass’, used in water tanks, pipes, boats, and in automotive body panels.
- Carbon-Carbon Composites: Used in high-temperature applications such as brake discs for high-performance cars and components for spacecraft and satellites.
- Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs): These combine metal with a different material, like ceramic or carbon fiber, to improve strength, stiffness, or thermal properties. Used in automotive, aerospace, and military applications.
No posts found!
Natural Materials
Natural materials, sourced directly from nature, have been used by humans since the beginning of time. This subsection covers materials like wood, leather, wool, silk, and rubber. Learn about their sourcing, processing, properties, and uses in everyday life, from clothing and furniture to tools and transportation.
- Wood: A versatile material used in construction, furniture, and flooring. Different types of wood like oak, pine, and teak offer various properties and aesthetics.
- Cotton: A natural fiber used extensively in the textile industry for clothing, bed linens, and towels due to its softness and breathability.
- Wool: Sourced from sheep and other animals, used in clothing, blankets, and insulation for its warmth and natural fire resistance.
- Leather: Made from animal hides, used in footwear, furniture, and accessories for its durability and aesthetic appeal.
- Silk: A protein fiber produced by silkworms, valued in the textile industry for its luster and luxurious feel.
- Latex: A natural rubber obtained from the sap of rubber trees, used in gloves, tires, and various medical supplies.
- Bamboo: Known for its strength and fast growth, used in construction, furniture, and eco-friendly products like utensils and textiles.
- Stone: Including granite, marble, and limestone, used in construction, countertops, and decorative applications for its durability and natural beauty.
- Clay: Used in pottery, bricks, and tiles. Its malleability when wet and strength when fired make it a staple in construction and art.
- Hemp: Used in textiles, biodegradable plastics, and health products. Hemp fibers are durable and environmentally friendly.
No posts found!
Civilization
Civilization encompasses the complex tapestry of human societies that have flourished throughout history, marked by their distinctive cultures, technologies, and social structures. From the earliest settlements of the ancient world to the intricate global networks of the modern era, civilizations have been the cradles of human progress, ideas, and innovation. The story of civilization is not just a chronicle of political and economic conquests but a narrative of human creativity, adaptation, and resilience. It is through the study of civilizations that we gain a deeper understanding of our shared human heritage, the diversity of our social constructs, and the challenges and triumphs that have shaped our collective journey. This exploration into the realms of human civilizations offers a unique window into the myriad ways in which human societies have evolved, interacted, and contributed to the rich mosaic of global history.
Components of Civilization
The fabric of civilizations is woven from a multitude of components, each playing a critical role in shaping societies throughout history.
At the core of any civilization lies its government and political systems, the mechanisms through which societies organize themselves and make collective decisions. These range from monarchies and empires of the ancient world to the democratic and authoritarian regimes of today, each reflecting the values and complexities of their times.
Economic structures and trade form the backbone of civilizations, driving not just wealth but also fostering cultural exchanges. Economies have evolved from barter systems to intricate global markets, and trade has long been a catalyst for interaction among distant civilizations, spreading ideas, goods, and technologies.
The cultural and social fabric of a civilization, encompassing art, literature, music, and social customs, is where the spirit of a civilization is most vividly expressed. Culture not only enriches the lives of individuals but also acts as a unifying force, forging a shared identity and heritage.
Technological innovation and infrastructure are the engines of progress in any civilization. From the invention of the wheel to the advent of the internet, technological advancements have redefined the boundaries of what is possible, transforming societies and the way they interact with the world.
These components collectively define the essence of civilizations. They are interdependent, each influencing and being influenced by the others, together weaving the intricate tapestry of human history.
No posts found!
Technology
Sustainability is about meeting our present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. Explore how we can live harmoniously with our planet.
- Renewable Energy: Sustainable power sources like solar and wind energy.
- Eco-friendly Practices: Ways to reduce our environmental footprint.
- Conservation: Efforts to protect and preserve natural resources and biodiversity.
As we explore ‘Things’, we gain a deeper understanding of our world and our place in it. This knowledge is a stepping stone towards a more informed, sustainable, and connected existence.
No posts found!